International Journal of Business, Law, and Education

Digital Concealment in Money Laundering

Shendy Prasetyo

The increasing use of digital anonymity technologies has transformed the modus operandi of money laundering, creating new challenges for criminal law enforcement. Although a Virtual Private Network (VPN) is a legitimate cybersecurity technology, its deliberate misuse may conceal digital identities, obstruct financial investigations, and complicate asset tracing. This study examines the Indonesian legal framework governing money laundering involving VPNs and evaluates whether their intentional use should constitute an aggravating circumstance. This research employs normative legal research using statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches. The findings reveal that Indonesian anti-money laundering legislation is capable of prosecuting offenses involving VPNs; however, it lacks normative differentiation regarding the intentional use of anonymity-enhancing technologies. This study argues that such misuse increases the offender's culpability and the social harmfulness of the offense, thereby justifying enhanced criminal sanctions. Accordingly, the study proposes a technology-neutral reform introducing the intentional misuse of VPNs and similar technologies as a statutory aggravating circumstance in Indonesia's anti-money laundering regime.

Leadership Style, Work Motivation, and Work Discipline as Predictors of Employee Performance

Daffa Reza Al-Habsyi

Purpose: This study examines the effects of leadership style, work motivation, and work discipline on employee performance at Mie Gacoan, a rapidly growing Indonesian quick-service restaurant brand operated by PT Pesta Pora Abadi. The research is situated in the labor-intensive food and beverage service sector, where service speed, teamwork, and compliance with operating standards are central to organizational performance. Design/methodology/approach: The study employed an associative quantitative design using a cross-sectional questionnaire survey. Respondents were active Mie Gacoan employees selected through purposive sampling, with an inclusion criterion of at least six months of work experience. The original draft indicated a target sample of 50-100 employees; the exact number of usable responses should be inserted before final journal submission. Measures were assessed using five-point Likert-type scales and analyzed using validity and reliability tests, classical assumption tests, and multiple linear regression. Findings: The descriptive results indicate that most respondents were young employees aged 18-25 years (65%), high-school or vocational-school graduates (72%), and relatively new employees with six months to one year of tenure (54%). Work discipline had the highest mean score (M = 4.05), followed by employee performance (M = 3.95), work motivation (M = 3.92), and leadership style (M = 3.87). The regression model explained 62.1% of the variance in employee performance. Work discipline emerged as the strongest predictor (beta = 0.354), while leadership style and motivation were also reported to have positive and significant effects. Practical implications: Management should maintain fair and consistent discipline, strengthen supervisor feedback, clarify career development pathways, and provide pressure-handling training for young employees. Originality/value: The paper contributes contextual evidence on employee performance in Indonesia's quick-service restaurant sector by integrating leadership style, work motivation, and work discipline in one empirical model.

Digital concealment in money laundering: A technology-neutral approach to aggravated criminal liability in Indonesia

Shendy Prasetyo

Shifting Paradigms of Sexual Violence Victims within the Integrated Criminal Justice System in Indonesia

Josephine Suprapto

This study examines the shifting paradigm of sexual violence victims within Indonesia’s criminal justice system. Historically viewed as mere violations of public morality under colonial-era laws, victims frequently faced secondary victimization. The post-1998 Reformation era catalyzed a shift toward human rights, culminating in Law No. 12/2022 (UU TPKS), which introduces a revolutionary victim-centered approach. Utilizing normative legal research with statutory, historical, and case approaches, this paper analyzes the law’s evolution and empirical application, focusing on District Court Decision No. 77/Pid.Sus/2026/PN Dps. The analysis reveals that despite progressive statutory evolution, judicial practices remain heavily offender-oriented, often neglecting victim rehabilitation and restitution. Employing Lawrence M. Friedman’s legal system and responsive law theories, this paper concludes that bridging the gap between statutory ideals and reality urgently requires structural synchronization and cultural sensitization among law enforcement officers to fully realize this new legal paradigm.

Social Media Marketing, Brand Awareness, and Student Enrollment Decisions: The Mediating Role of Perceived Value

Zulham Dwi Pratikto

The competitive landscape of private higher education institutions has intensified the need for effective marketing strategies to attract prospective students. Social media marketing and brand awareness have become essential tools for influencing student enrollment decisions. However, the effectiveness of these factors may depend on students' perceived value of the institution. This study aims to examine the effects of social media marketing and brand awareness on students' enrollment decisions, with perceived value as a mediating variable. A quantitative approach was employed involving 170 respondents. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and analyzed using multiple linear regression and mediation analysis through SPSS. The results reveal that perceived value has the strongest influence on enrollment decisions (β = 0.580; p < 0.001), followed by brand awareness (β = 0.255; p < 0.001). Social media marketing does not significantly influence enrollment decisions directly (β = 0.053; p = 0.233), but significantly affects perceived value. This indicates full mediation. The model explains 69.7% of the variance in students' enrollment decisions. The findings suggest that higher education institutions should focus on strengthening perceived value and brand awareness to improve student recruitment effectiveness.

The Role of Return on Equity in Moderating the Effect of Current Ratio on Debt to Equity Ratio in Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Companies

Zulkifli Zulkifli

The pharmaceutical and healthcare industry in Indonesia is facing increasing demand for healthcare services, the need for digital transformation, and a high dependence on imported pharmaceutical raw materials, all of which increase corporate financing requirements. This study aims to analyse the effects of liquidity and profitability on capital structure and to examine the role of profitability as a moderating variable in the relationship between liquidity and capital structure among Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Resources companies in Indonesia. This research employed a quantitative approach with a causal research design. The study population consisted of 13 companies, of which 10 companies were selected using a purposive sampling method during the 2021–2024 period. Data were analysed using panel data regression through the Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA) approach. The results indicate that the Current Ratio (CR) and Return on Equity (ROE) partially have a negative and significant effect on the Debt-to-Equity Ratio (DER). Furthermore, ROE is proven to positively and significantly moderate the effect of CR on DER. These findings theoretically extend the perspective of the Pecking Order Theory and provide practical implications for corporate management in making optimal financing decisions, while also serving as a consideration for investors in making investment decisions

Digital Leadership, Knowledge Management, and Employee Performance

Holy Arif Wibowo — 2026-07-02

Public-sector digital transformation is often framed as a technological modernization project, yet recurrent difficulties in government digitalization indicate that leadership capability, knowledge governance, and employee engagement are equally decisive. This study examines the effects of digital leadership and knowledge management on employee performance, and tests employee engagement as a mediating mechanism, in a knowledge-intensive public health policy organization in Indonesia. A quantitative cross-sectional census survey was administered to all 56 employees of the Center for Health System Resilience Policy (Pusjak SKK), Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia. Data were analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) in SmartPLS 4. The measurement model satisfied convergent validity, discriminant validity, and internal consistency criteria, with indicator loadings above 0.70, average variance extracted values above 0.50, and heterotrait-monotrait ratios below 0.90. The structural model explained 65.2% of the variance in employee engagement and 74.4% of the variance in employee performance. Digital leadership and knowledge management had positive and significant direct effects on employee engagement and employee performance. Knowledge management was the strongest antecedent of engagement (β = 0.580, p < 0.001), while employee engagement was the strongest direct predictor of performance (β = 0.475, p < 0.001). The indirect effects of digital leadership and knowledge management on performance through engagement were also significant, indicating partial mediation. The findings suggest that digital capability in public bureaucracies produces performance gains not only through systems and infrastructure, but through engaged employees who are able to convert digital vision and organizational knowledge into policy-relevant work. The study contributes to the integration of Dynamic Capabilities Theory, the Knowledge-Based View, and Job Demands-Resources Theory in explaining performance in knowledge-intensive public organizations in the Global South.

Collection Development of Library Materials at Universitas Pendidikan Nasional

Ni Made Merlina Dwi Heriani — 2026-07-01

Purpose: This article examines the stages of library-material collection development implemented at the Universitas Pendidikan Nasional (Undiknas) Library in Denpasar, Bali. Design/methodology/approach: The study uses a descriptive qualitative single-case design. Data were obtained through direct observation, structured interviews with the head librarian, library staff, and students, and document analysis of collection records, development procedures, and institutional policy documents. The analysis was organized through data reduction, thematic coding, cross-source comparison, and interpretation using the collection development cycle proposed by Evans and Saponaro. Findings: Collection development at the Undiknas Library is implemented through six interrelated stages: user-needs analysis, policy orientation, selection, procurement, weeding, and evaluation. The library has built a hybrid collection consisting of printed books, theses, textbooks, magazines, e-books, and institutional digital repository materials. The findings show that collection decisions are strongly shaped by curriculum relevance, lecturer and student requests, donations, grants, and borrowing statistics. However, the study also identifies three areas requiring strengthening: the formulation of an internal written collection development policy, more sustainable acquisition funding, and more systematic evaluation of digital and print collections. Originality/value: The article contributes case-based evidence from an Indonesian private university library and demonstrates how international collection-management theory can be operationalized in a local institutional context.

Digital Marketing Strategies For MSMEs In Improving Competitiveness In the Industry 4.0 Era

Mochammad Fahmi

Digital marketing has become an important strategy for Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) to improve competitiveness in the Industry 4.0 era. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of digital marketing strategies in supporting MSME business growth. The research employed a systematic literature review approach by examining relevant studies on digital marketing implementation in MSMEs. The findings show that the use of social media, search engine optimization (SEO), digital content marketing, e-commerce, and online marketplaces positively influences brand awareness, customer engagement, and sales performance. Effective digital promotion and marketplace utilization help MSMEs expand market reach and strengthen their competitive position. The study concludes that digital marketing is a key factor in achieving sustainable competitive advantage and business growth. Strengthening digital capabilities and technology adoption is essential for improving MSME performance in a rapidly changing business environment.

LEGAL PROBLEMS THAT ARISE IN IMPLEMENTING LEGAL AID IN LEGISLATION IN INDONESIA

I Kadek Rico Vergian Dinatha Dinatha

As a constitutional state, Indonesia guarantees equal standing for every citizen before the law, yet economic disparities often hinder poor communities from obtaining proper justice. Although the government has shifted the legal aid paradigm from mere pro bono humanitarian action to a state responsibility through legislation, various juridical and empirical problems in its implementation continue to emerge. This research aims to analyze legal policies regarding legal aid in Indonesia and examine the arising legal problems, using a socio-legal method with statute and fact approaches. The results indicate that legal aid regulations have evolved through state budget (APBN) support, yet unclear parameters for defining poor communities remain. Furthermore, 2024 data shows that 62.9% of the public is unaware of the existence of this service.

Regulatory Mitigation of Digital Bank-Run Risk in Indonesia's Rupiah Digital

Mochamad Ilham Fatahillah — 2026-07-01

Indonesia's development of the Rupiah Digital, the country's prospective central bank digital currency (CBDC), offers a strategic opportunity to modernise the payment system, strengthen monetary sovereignty in the digital sphere, and broaden access to central-bank money. Yet a retail CBDC also creates a distinctive financial-stability risk: a digital bank run in which depositors rapidly migrate funds from commercial bank deposits to risk-free central-bank liabilities. This article examines the urgency of regulating digital bank-run risk in the circulation of the Rupiah Digital and reconstructs an ideal regulatory model for Indonesia. Using normative legal research with statutory, conceptual, and comparative-institutional approaches, the article analyses the 1945 Constitution, the Currency Law, the Banking Law, the Bank Indonesia Law, the Financial System Crisis Prevention and Resolution Law, the Financial Services Authority Law, and Law No. 4 of 2023 on Financial Sector Development and Strengthening. The study finds five structural gaps in Indonesia's existing legal framework: the absence of retail CBDC holding limits, tiered remuneration rules, digital-run crisis protocols, CBDC-specific emergency liquidity arrangements, and ecosystem-wide cyber-risk governance. These gaps are legally significant because the Digital Rupiah's status as a direct liability of Bank Indonesia may accelerate systemic disintermediation under conditions of panic. The article proposes a five-pillar regulatory architecture comprising dynamic holding limits, tiered remuneration, statutory crisis protocols and circuit breakers, an emergency CBDC liquidity facility, and cyber-risk governance. It argues that these safeguards should be enacted at the statutory level and integrated into the Financial System Stability Committee framework before full public deployment of the Rupiah Digital.

The Administrative-Law Consequences of Fraudulent Diplomas in the Appointment of Civil Servant Candidates in Indonesia

Jihan Virgia Mahalidia — 2026-07-02

This article examines the administrative-law implications of using fraudulent diploma documents in the appointment of Civil Servant Candidates (Calon Pegawai Negeri Sipil, CPNS) in Indonesia. The central problem is not merely whether the diploma is false, but whether a State Administrative Decision (Keputusan Tata Usaha Negara, KTUN) appointing a CPNS remains valid when it was issued on the basis of educational credentials that later prove unlawful. Using normative legal research, the article applies statutory and conceptual approaches to Indonesian civil-service law, government-administration law, and doctrinal principles of administrative validity. The analysis demonstrates that a diploma in CPNS recruitment functions as a substantive requirement for proving educational qualification under the merit system, rather than as a purely formal administrative attachment. A fraudulent diploma therefore contaminates the factual basis of the appointment decision and creates a substantive defect in the decision-making process. Nevertheless, under the principle of presumptio iustae causa, the appointment decision remains effective until it is revoked or annulled by the competent authority or by a court. The Personnel Supervisory Officer (Pejabat Pembina Kepegawaian, PPK) may consequently correct the defective decision through revocation (intrekking) or annulment (vernietiging), subject to legality, carefulness, due process, and reasoned decision-making. The article further argues that administrative sanctions, including dishonourable dismissal where the legal requirements are satisfied, may be imposed independently of criminal forgery proceedings. The study contributes to administrative-law scholarship by clarifying the relationship between credential fraud, substantive defects, and the legal continuity of public-employment appointment decisions.